the solid, liquid or gaseous phase. However in the universe at large, the situation is quite different. Most of the matter in the universe exists as Dark Matter or as Dark Energy and we know very little [...] transient phenomenon in lightning or in the aurora. The practical application of man made plasmas is very extensive and ranges from material modification, surface cleaning, and micro fabrication of electronic [...] heavy ion beams, Optimization of transport, focusing and diagnostics of intense heavy ion beams, and Obtaining new data on thermophysical, optical and transport properties of various materials in HED/WDM