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Laser Spectroscopy of radioactive Isotopes

Optical spectroscopy experiments on radionuclides performed on-line and published since January 1988 when the compilation by E.W. Otten[1] was closed for additional data. Data compiled and evaluated in [1] are indicated in the reference column as “Table x”. For the investigated isotopes the following information is given: the name of the element, the proton number Z, the mass number A of the isotopes measured, the experimental data obtained, the technique applied, the radioactive ion beam facility used, and the reference. Data published in refereed journals are compiled for the period January 1988 to December 2004.

ATS: Atom Trap Spectroscopy; ABS: atomic beam spectroscopy; β: beta-decay detection; β-NMR: nuclear magnetic resonance with detection by β-decay asymmetry; CS: collinear spectroscopy; GCS: gas cell spectroscopy; LIF: laser induced fluorescence; LIS: laser ion source; MWDR: microwave double-resonance; OP: optical pumping; RADRIS: nuclear radiation detected resonance ionization spectroscopy; RIMS: resonance ionization mass spectroscopy; RFQ: radio frequency ion trap; SSCI: state selective collissional ionization; SSN: state selective neutralization.; ITS: Ion Trap Spectroscopy;

	Z	A	Data	Technique	Facility	Reference
He	2	6	δ<r²>	ATS	Argonne NL	[2, WWW]
Li	3	6-9, 11	I, μ_I, Q_s			Table 3
		11	Q_s	CS + OP + β-NMR	ISOLDE	[3, 4]
		6-9	δ<r²>	RIMS	GSI	[5, 6, ToPLiS]
		6-9,11	δ<r²>	RIMS	ISAC, TRIUMF	[78] [ToPLiS]
		8,9	μ_I, Q_s	CS + OP + β-NMR	ISOLDE	[77]
		9,11	I, Q_s	CS + OP + β-NMR	ISOLDE	[86]
Be	4	11	μ_I	LIS + CS + β-NMR	ISOLDE	[7]
		7,9-11	I, δ<r²>	LIS + CS + LIF	ISOLDE	[88]
		7	I	ITS + Cooling + MWDR	RIKEN	[89]
Ne	10	17-26, 28	I, μ_I, Q_s, δ<r²>	CS + SSCI + β	ISOLDE	[8,75]
Ne	10	17-22	δ<r²>	CS + SSCI + β	ISOLDE	[87]
Na	11	20-31	I, μ_I, Q_s, δ<r²>			Table 4
		21	Δν_hfs	neutral atom trap	Berkeley	[9]
		26-29 27-31 31	Q_s μ_I I	CS + β-NMR	ISOLDE	[10]
Mg	12	31	I, μ_I	CS + OP + β-NMR	ISOLDE	[76]
		21	I, μ_I	CS + β-NMR	ISOLDE	[95]
		27, 29, 31	I, μ_I	CS + LIF	ISOLDE	[82]
		33	I, μ_I	CS + OP + β-NMR	ISOLDE	[85]
Ar	18	32-40, 46	μ_I, Q_s, δ<r²>	CS + SSCI + β	ISOLDE	[11]
Ar	18	40-44	I, μ_I, Q_s, δ<r²>	CS + SSCI + β	ISOLDE	[91]
K	19	36-47	I, μ_I, Q_s, δ<r²>			Table 5, [74]
Ca	20	39-48	I, μ_I, Q_s, δ<r²>			Table 6
		40-48	δ<r²>	CS + SSN	ISOLDE	[12]
		50	δ<r²>	CS + SSN + β	ISOLDE	[13]
		39	δ<r²>	CS + SSN + β	ISOLDE	[14]
Sc	21	42-46, 44m, 45m	μ_I, Q_s			[100]
Ti	22	44, 45	δ<r²>	cooler RFQ + CS	Jyväskylä	[15], [15a]
Mn	25	50-56, 50m, 52m	δ<r²>, μ_I, Q_s	cooler RFQ + CS	Jyväskylä	[99]
Cu	29	68^g,m; 70^g,m1,m2	μ_I	spectroscopy in LIS	ISOLDE	[16]
		57,59	μ_I	GCS	RIKEN	[96]
		58,59	μ_I, I_s	spectroscopy in LIS	ISOLDE	[90]
		71,73,75	μ_I, I	spectroscopy in LIS + CS	ISOLDE	[94]
Ga	31	67,69,71,73,75,77,79,81	I, μ_I, Q_s	spectroscopy in LIS	ISOLDE	[97]
Kr	36	88, 90	δ<r²>	CS	TRISTAN	[17]
		72, 74-96, 79^m, 81^m, 83^m, 85^m	I, μ_I, Q_s, δ<r²>	CS + SSCI	ISOLDE	[18]
		72, 74-96, 79^m, 81^m, 83^m, 85^m	δ<r²>	CS + SSCI	ISOLDE	[19]
Rb	37	76-98, 78^m, 81^m, 82^m, 84^m, 86^m, 90^m	I, μ_I, Q_s, δ<r²>			Table 7
Rb	37	82	hfs	neutral atom trap	Los Alamos	[20]
Sr	38	78-98, 100, 83^m, 85^m, 87^m	I, μ_I, Q_s, δ<r²>			Table 8
		78-98, 100, 83^m, 85^m, 87^m	I, μ_I, Q_s, δ<r²>	CS	ISOLDE	[21]
		99	I, μ_I, Q_s, δ<r²>	CS + SSN	ISOLDE	[22]
		77	I, μ_I, Q_s, δ<r²>	CS + SSN	ISOLDE	[23]
		77-100	δ<r²>	CS + SSN	ISOLDE	[19]
Y	39	86-90, 92-192, 87^m, 88^m, 89^m, 90^m, 93^m, 96^m, 97^m, 97^m2, 98^m	μ_I, Q_s, δ<r²>	CS + LIF	JYFL	[80]
Zr	40	96-102	μ_I, Q_s, δ<r²>	cooler RFQ + CS	Jyväskylä	[24]
Zr	40	87-89, 87^m, 89^m	I, μ_I, Q_s, δ<r²>	cooler RFQ + CS	Jyväskylä	[15, 25]
Nb	41	90-93, 90^m, 91^m, 99,101,103	δ<r²>	OP	Jyväskylä	[98]
Mo	42	90,91,102-106,108	μ_I, δ<r²>	cooler RFQ + CS	Jyväskylä	[92]
Ag	47	101, 103-105, 107, 109, 105^m, 106^m, 108^m, 110^m	I, μ_I, Q_s, δ<r²>			Table 9
Ag	47	101, 103-105, 105^m, 106^m, 107, 109	μ_I, Q_s, δ<r²>	CS	GSI	[26]
Cd	48	102-116, 118, 120, 111^m, 113^m, 115^m	I, μ_I, Q_s, δ<r²>			Table 10
In	49	104-127, 115^m, 116^m	I, μ_I, Q_s, δ<r²>			Table 11
Sn	50	108-125, 117m, 121^m	I, μ_I, Q_s, δ<r²>			Table12
		126-132, 125^m, 127^m, 129^m, 130^m, 131^m	δ<r²>	RIMS	ISOLDE	[27]
		126-132, 125^m, 127^m, 129^m, 130^m, 131^m	μ_I, Q_s, δ<r²>	RIMS	ISOLDE	[83]
Te	52	133, 135, 125m, 127m, 129m, 131m, 133m	I, μ_I, Q_s,	LIS		[101]
Te	52	132, 134, 136	δ<r²>			[102]
Xe	54	116-146 (even), 129, 131, 141, 143	I, μ_I, Q_s, δ<r²>			Table 13
Xe	54	116-146 (even), 137, 139, 141, 143	I, μ_I, Q_s, δ<r²>	CS + SSCI	ISOLDE	[28]
Cs	55	118-146, 119^m, 121^m, 122^m, 130^m, 134^m, 135^m, 136^m, 138^m	I, μ_I, Q_s, δ<r²>			Table 14
Cs	55	126	μ_I	OP + ABMR	ISOLDE	[84]
Ba	56	120-146, 148, 129^m, 131^m, 133^m, 135^m, 137^m	I, μ_I, Q_s, δ<r²>			Table 15
		130^m	μ_I, Q_s, δ<r²>	cooler RFQ + CS	Jyväskylä	[29]
		127^m	I, μ_I, Q_s, δ<r²>	CS	DOLIS	[30]
La	57	135, 137	μ_I, Q_s, δ<r²>	CS + LIF	JAERI	[81]
Ce	58	146, 148	δ<r²>	CS		[103]
Nd	60	132, 134-146, 148, 150	I, μ_I, Q_s, δ<r²>			Table 16
Nd	60	132, 134-143	μ_I, Q_s, δ<r²>	RIS	Gatchina	[31]
Sm	62	138-154, 141^m	I, μ_I, Q_s, δ<r²>			Table 17
Sm	62	138-145, 141^m	μ_I, Q_s, δ<r²>	RIS	Gatchina	[31]
Eu	63	138-156, 142^m, 150^m, 152^m	I, μ_I, Q_s, δ<r²>			Table 18
		155-159	μ_I, Q_s, δ<r²>	RIS	Gatchina	[32]
		138-145	δ<r²>	RIS	Gatchina	[31]
		148, 149, 150, 151, 153	Q_s, hfs anomaly	MW-DR in ion trap	ISOLDE	[33]
Gd	64	146-160	δ<r²>	RIS	Gatchina	[34]
		145, 145m, 143m	δ<r²>			[104]
		145, 145m	Q_s, μ_I			[104]
Tb	65	147-155,157,159	μ_I, Q_s, δ<r²>	RIS	Gatchina	[35]
Dy	66	146, 148-165	I, μ_I, Q_s, δ<r²>			Table 19
Ho	67	151-163, 165, 151^m, 152^m, 153^m, 154^m, 156^m, 158^m, 160^m, 162^m	I, μ_I, Q_s, δ<r²>			Table 20
Ho	67	152-163, 152^m, 153^m, 154^m, 158^m, 160^m	I, μ_I, Q_s, δ<r²>	RIS	Gatchina	[36]
Er	68	150,152-165,167	I, μ_I, Q_s, δ<r²>			Table 21
Tm	69	156-172	I, μ_I, Q_s, δ<r²>			Table 22
		157-172	μ_I, Q_s, δ<r²>	RIS	Gatchina	[37]
		153, 154, 154^m	μ_I, Q_s, δ<r²>	spectroscopy in LIS	Gatchina	[38]
Yb	70	156, 158-174, 176	I, μ_I, Q_s, δ<r²>			Table 23
		152-158 (even)	δ<r²>	GCS	Stony Brook	[39]
		157, 159, 175	I, μ_I, δ<r²>	CS + RIS	ISOLDE	[40]
		154-156, 160, 162, 164, 166	μ_I, Q_s, δ<r²>	spectroscopy in LIS	Gatchina	[41, 42]
		155	μ_I, Q_s, δ<r²>	spectroscopy in LIS	Gatchina	[38]
		153	μ_I, Q_s, δ<r²>	spectroscopy in LIS	Gatchina	[43]
		176^m	I, μ_I, Q_s, δ<r²>	CS+LIF	JYFL	[78]
Lu	71	161-179, 166^m1, 166^m2, 167^m, 168^m, 169^m, 171^m, 172^m, 174^m, 176^m, 177^m, 178^m	μ_I, Q_s, δ<r²>,	CS	ISOLDE	[44]
Hf	72	178^m2	μ_I, Q_s, Dν_isomer	CS	Orsay	[45]
		170, 172-174	δ<r²>	CS	Jyväskylä	[46]
		171^g,m	μ_I, Q_s, δ<r²>	CS	Jyväskylä	[47]
		175	μ_I, Q_s, δ<r²>	CS & cooler RFQ	Jyväskylä	[48]
		178^m1	I, μ_I, Q_s, δ<r²>	CS + LIF	JYFL	[78]
Ir	77	182-189, 191, 193, 186^m	μ_I, Q_s, δ<r²>	RIMS	ISOLDE	[49]
Pt	78	186-198 (even)	δ<r²>			Table 24
		186-198 (even)	δ<r²>	RIMS	ISOCELE	[50]
		185, 187, 189, 191, 195	μ_I, Q_s, δ<r²>	RIMS	ISOCELE	[51]
		183-196, 198, 185^m	μ_I, Q_s, δ<r²>	RIMS	ISOLDE	[52]
		178-182, 183^m	μ_I, Q_s, δ<r²>	RIMS	ISOLDE	[53]
		183, 185, 185^m	μ_I, Q_s, δ<r²>	RIMS	ISOLDE	[54]
Au	79	185-197, 189^m	I, μ_I, (Q_s,) δ<r²>			Table 25
		186, 187, 190, 192, 194, 195-199	μ_I, δ<r²>	RIMS	ISOLDE	[55]
		183-197	μ_I, Q_s, δ<r²>	RIMS	ISOLDE	[56]
		191-194	μ_I, Q_s, δ<r²>	RIMS	ISOLDE	[57]
		184, 184^m	μ_I, Q_s, δ<r²>	RIMS	ISOLDE	[58]
		184, 184^m, 191, 193, 195	μ_I, Q_s, δ<r²>	RIMS	ISOLDE	[54]
Hg	80	181-206, 185^m, 187^m, 189^m, 191^m, 193^m, 195^m, 197^m, 199^m	I, μ_I, Q_s, δ<r²>			Table 26
Tl	81	193-205, 207, 189^m, 191^m, 193^m, 198^m	I, μ_I, (Q_s), δ<r²>			Table 27
		188^m, 190^g,m-192^g,m, 194^g,m, 196^g,m	μ_I, Q_s, δ<r²>	CS	GSI	[59]
		208	μ_I, δ<r²>	RADRIS		[60]
		187, 188	μ_I, Q_s	CS	Oak Ridge	[61]
Pb	82	190-192, 194,196-212, 214, 193^m, 195^m, 197^m, 202^m	I, μ_I, Q_s, δ<r²>			Table 28
		190, 191, 193, 197	μ_I, Q_s, δ<r²>	CS	GSI	[62]
		185^{m1, m2}	I, μ_I	spectroscopy in LIS	ISOLDE	[63]
		182-190, 183-189	δ<r²>, μ_I, Q_s	RIMS	ISOLDE	[105], [93]
Pb⁸¹⁺		207	hfs anomaly	storage ring	GSI	[64]
Bi	83	202, 203, 204	δ<r²>, μ_I, Q_s,	GCS	Stony Brook	[65]
Bi		205-210, 210^m, 212, 213	δ<r²>, μ_I, Q_s	GCS / ABS	ISOLDE	[66,67]
Bi⁸²⁺		209	hfs anomaly	storage ring	GSI	[68]
Po	84	200, 202, 204-210	μ_I, Q_s, δ<r²>	LIF	FZ Karlsruhe	[69]
Rn	86	202, 204-212, 218-223,225, 203^m	I, μ_I, Q_s, δ<r²>			Table 29
Fr	87	207-213, 220-228	I, μ_I, Q_s, δ<r²>			Table 30
		210	hfs anomaly	neutral atom trap	Stony Brook	[70]
		210	hfs	neutral atom trap	Stony Brook	[71]
Ra	88	208-214, 220-230, 232	I, μ_I, Q_s, δ<r²>			Table 31
Am	95	240^f,242^f,244^f	Q_s, δ<r²>	RADRIS	Heidelberg	[72, 73]

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Nuclear Spins and Magnetic Moments of 71,73,75 Cu: Inversion of pi 2p3/2 and pi 1f5/2 Levels in 75Cu
Phys. Rev. Lett. 103, 142501 (2009)
95.: J. Kramer, K. Blaum, M. De Rydt, K.T. Flanagan, Ch. Geppert, M. Kowalska, P. Lievens, R. Neugart, G. Neyens, W. Nortershauser, H.H. Stroke, P. Vingerhoets, D.T. Yordanov
Nuclear ground-state spin and magnetic moment of 21Mg
Physics Letters B 678, 465-469 (2009)
96.: T. E. Cocolios, A. N. Andreyev, B. Bastin, N. Bree, J. Buscher, J. Elseviers, J. Gentens, M. Huyse, Yu. Kudryavtsev, D. Pauwels, T. Sonoda, P. Van den Bergh, and P. Van Duppen
Magnetic Dipole Moment of 57,59 Cu Measured by In-Gas-Cell Laser Spectroscopy
PRev. Lett. 103, 102501 (2009)
97.: B. Cheal, E. Mané1, J. Billowes, M. L. Bissell, K. Blaum, B. A. Brown, F. C. Charlwood, K. T. Flanagan, D. H. Forest, C. Geppert, M. Honma, A. Jokinen, M. Kowalska, A. Krieger, J. Krämer, I. D. Moore, R. Neugart, G. Neyens, W. Nörtershäuser, M. Schug, H. H. Stroke, P. Vingerhoets, D. T. Yordanov, and M. Žáková
Nuclear Spins and Moments of Ga Isotopes Reveal Sudden Structural Changes between N=40 and N=50
PRev. Lett. 104, 252502 (2010)
98.: B. Cheal, K. Baczynska, J. Billowes, P. Campbell, F. C. Charlwood, T. Eronen, D. H. Forest, A. Jokinen, T. Kessler, I. D. Moore, M. Reponen, S. Rothe, M. Rüffer, A. Saastamoinen, G. Tungate, and J. Äystö
Laser Spectroscopy of Niobium Fission Fragments: First Use of Optical Pumping in an Ion Beam Cooler Bunche
PRev. Lett. 102, 222501 (2009)
99.: F.C. Charlwood, J. Billowes, P. Campbell, B. Cheal, T. Eronen, D.H. Forest, S. Fritzsche, e, M. Honma, A. Jokinen, I.D. Moore, H. Penttilä, R. Powis, A. Saastamoinen, G. Tungate and J. Äystö
Ground state properties of manganese isotopes across the N=28 shell closure
Physics Letters B 690, 346-351 (2010)
100.: Y. Gangrsky, K. Marinova, S. Zemlyanoi, M. Avgoulea, J. Billowes, P. Campbell, B. Cheal, B. Tordoff, M. Bissell, D. H. Forest, M. Gardner, G. Tungate, J. Huikari, H. Penttilä and J. Äystö
Nuclear charge radii and electromagnetic moments of scandium isotopes and isomers in the f_7/2 shell
Hyp. Int. 171, 209-215 (2006)
101.: R. Sifi, F. Le Blanc, N. Barré, L. Cabaret, J. Crawford,M. Ducourtieux, S. Essabaa, J. Genevey, G. Huber, M. Kowalska, C. Lau, J. K. P. Lee, G. Le Scornet, J. Oms, J. Pinard, B. Roussière, J. Sauvage, M. Seliversto, H. Stroke and the ISOLDE7 collaboration
Laser Spectroscopy Measurements of Neutron-Rich Tellurium Isotopes by COMPLIS
Hyp.Int. 171, 173 (2006)
102.: J. Libert, B. Roussière , J. Sauvage
Signs of dynamical effects for Cd, Sn, Te, Xe, Ba and Sm nuclear charge radii
Nucl. Phys. A 786, 47 (2007)
103.: B.Cheal, M.Avgoulea, J.Billowes, P Campbell, K T Flanagan, D H Forest, M D Gardner, J Huikari, B A Marsh, A Nieminen, H L Thayer, G Tungate and J Äystö
Collinear laser spectroscopy of neutron-rich cerium isotopes near the N = 88 shape transition
J.Phys. G: Nucl.Phys. 29 (2003) 2479
104.: A. E. Barzakh, D. V. Fedorov,A. M. Ionan, V. S. Ivanov, F. V. Moroz, K. A. Mezilev, S. Yu. Orlov, V. N. Panteleev, and Yu. M. Volkov.
Laser spectroscopic studies of ¹⁴⁵Gd, ¹⁴⁵Gd^m, and ¹⁴³Gd^m
Phys. Rev. C 72, 017301 (2005)
105.: H. de Witte, A. N. Andreyev, N. Barre´, M. Bender, T. E. Cocolios, S. Dean, D. Fedorov, V. N. Fedoseyev, L. M. Fraile, S. Franchoo, V. Hellemans, P. H. Heenen, K. Heyde, G. Huber, M. Huyse, H. Jeppessen, U. Köster, P. Kunz, S. R. Lesher, B. A. Marsh, I. Mukha, B. Roussière, J. Sauvage, M. Seliverstov, I. Stefanescu, E. Tengborn, K. Van de Vel, J. Van de Walle, P. Van Duppen, and Yu. Volkov
Nuclear Charge Radii of Neutron-Deficient Lead Isotopes Beyond N=104 Midshell Investigated by In-Source Laser Spectroscopy
Phys. Rev. Lett. 98 (2007) 112502 (182-190Pb)

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