The properties of the Strong Force

Protons and neutrons - collectively called nucleons - belong to the family of hadrons. They are built of quarks and bound by the strong force that is mediated via gluons. The force is acting between two quarks and demonstrates an unusual behavior. It is very small when the quarks are at close distance and increases as the distance grows and then remains constant even if the quarks are removed further and further from each other.

If one attempts to separate a quark-antiquark pair, the energy of the gluon field becomes larger and larger, until a new quark-antiquark pair can be created. As a result, one does not end up with two isolated quarks but with new quark-antiquark pairs instead. This absolute imprisonment of quarks is called confinement. One of the greatest intellectual challenges of modern physics is to understand confinement not just as a phenomenon but to comprehend it quantitatively from the theory of the strong force.

For this, physicists need a better understanding of the behavior of the strong force at medium and larger distances. Experimentally they plan to collide protons and antiprotons. Thereby short-lived new particles, e.g., charmonium particles can be created that consist of a c-quark and a c-antiquark. A detailed and precise spectroscopy of these charmonium states will provide new insights into the behavior of the strong force and the origin of confinement.

Another puzzle of hadron physics addresses the origin of the hadron masses, i.e. of the particles composed of quarks. In the nucleon, less than 2% of the mass can be accounted for by the three valence quarks. Obviously, the bulk of the nucleon mass results from the kinetic energy and the interaction energy of the quarks confined in the nucleus. Physicists believe that new experiments exploiting high-energy antiproton and ion beams will also elucidate the generation of hadronic masses.

Last but not least, physicists strive to search for new forms of matter that are predicted by the theory of the Strong Force, amongst them: Glueballs that consist of gluons only and so-called hybrids that are composed of two quarks and a gluon.

Quarks do not exist in isolation. Attempts to separate quarks from one another require huge amounts of energy and results in the production of new quark-antiquark pairs.




The search for new forms of hadronic matter will be a major activity at the new facility. The theory of the strong interaction predicts the existence of glueballs-particles that consist only of gluons (above), and so-called hybrids composed of two quarks and a gluon (below).